The Supernatural in Shakespeares Works Essays -- William Shakespeare

The Supernatural in Shakespeares Works No one questions the fact that William Shakespeare is a pure genius when it comes to creating immortal characters whose characteristics transcends those of the normal supernatural beings, but most students of literature agree that his uses of the supernatural arent merely figments of his creative imagination. Every man, woman, and child is influenced by the age into which they are born and Shakespeare was no exception. Not altogether does his use of supernatural elements within his working reveal the Elizabethans obsession with mythical beliefs, but it also reveals his attitude toward these beliefs at different points of his writing career. Because of the profound arrangement of the beliefs of his time, Shakespeare was able to create masterpieces that critics and readers have respected completely told over the world.In Shakespeares time, the belief in the presence and power of the supernatural touch brio at every point. Customs were traff ic patterned by it and behavior was dictated by it. Not only did the poor believe in it, but all classes of people were under its spell from nobles to the poor. It governed peoples lives down to the smallest details. They carried charms and mascots, found horror in spilling salt and walking under ladders, and dreaded the thirteenth of Friday (May 35-38). They believed that all supernatural elements were at work.The Elizabethans had always been susceptible to belief in the supernatural. As May notes, these people more that other people questioned matters beyond their vision (39). Shakespeare was clearly influenced by his race. He had an inquiring mind that refused bondage by the limitations of matter (Mish 28). Listing the numberless superstitions that Shakespeare gathered from his environment would be impossible. May believes that it is because his own observations of the habits of animals and plants were explained by stories that were more myth that truth. Elizabethans also gave s uperstitious explanations for changing weather and season, phase of brio, and sickness and death (59-63). As a youth, Shakespeare was susceptible to all kinds of influences around him. overdue to the widespread obsession with the supernatural, Shakespeare was compelled as a writer to adopt the views of the majority. The people who crowed the theaters and paid the money demanded fairies, ghost, and witches, and all the commonly h... ...onio for the terrible wrong he has strike and no traces of anger or resentment linger. In this final play the supernatural is entirely beneath the control of man. All authority is taken form the spirits in The Tempest and the power to harm is gone. Shakespeares state of mind is best expressed at this point when Prospero reveals how man has at break down attained dominion over the forces of evil (Schiller 378). William Shakespeare was a genius. Not only was he able to use the supernatural in his works to the fullest extent of Elizabethan belief, but he was skillful at molding the supernatural into remarkable assets to his plot. However, Elizabethan beliefs werent the only influences that shoved their way into the meanings of his plays. His whole outlook on life also played a major part in the way that he shaped the supernatural. Not only does his use of supernatural elements within his works reveal the Elizabethans obsession with mythical beliefs, but it also reveals his attitude toward these beliefs at different points of his career. His remarkable handling of the supernatural is on reason why William Shakespeare is mainly regarded as the greatest writer of English literature.

The Tragedy of Oedipus Rex :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Tragedy of Oedipus RexOedipus Rex is a tragedy that illustrates a mans whizz of justice. The same man is also paranoid and impulsive. In the text, he overcomes his negative characteristics and succumbs to his greater sense of justice and responsibility.The king of Thebes is shown as a just ruler who cares about the suffering of his people. After saving the city from the Sphinx and her riddle, King Oedipus learns that a plague has beleaguer upon the population. After consulting with the oracle at Delphi, Oedipus realizes that an unsolved crime is the cause for the suffering of the people. In this consultation, the oracle tells Creon that degeneracy must be driven from the land. At this point, the corruption is assumed to be the murder of the previous king of Thebes. This is a hint of what is to come in the reading. A simple murder is usually described as a crime or an offense. The word corruption alludes to a greater span of wrong that has been committed.In his rash manner, Oed ipus sets out to solve this mystery so that the plague in Thebes will end. When the blind prophet Tiresias is summoned, the king loses his temper and shows more of his true character. After relentlessly questioning Tiresias, the perpetrator of the murder is revealed. Oedipus himself is the liquidator being sought. After being insulted in Corinth, Oedipus had angrily left and set out on his own. In his journey, he encountered King Laiuss party enroute to the oracle. The two parties clashed at the crossroads and Oedipus killed all exclusively one of his foes. The curse that Jocasta describes came true on that day. She had tried to avoid fate by casting away the infant Oedipus, but years later he reappeared at that junction near Phocis. King Laius was Oedipuss father and the curse bore fruit.James Weigel best summarizes Oedipuss sense of justice in his writingHaving learned the full truth of his dark destiny, his last act as king is to blind himself furiously over the dead body of Jo casta, his wife and mother. It is a terrible, agonizing moment, even in description. But in his depths of pain Oedipus is magnificent. He does not submit passively to his woe or plead that he committed his foul act in ignorance, although he could do so with justice. He blinds himself in a rage of penitence, accepting total responsibility for what he did and determined to take the punishment of exile as well (Weigel 1601).

Enterprise Level Business System :: essays research papers

Enterprise-Level Business System AssessmentSeveral key areas should be reviewed when assessing an enterprise-level tune placement. It is commonly known that errors made in the early stages of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) potty be quite costly. Therefore, careful planning, during the early stages of system development, is crucial. The use of information-gathering tools, during the analysis stage, is useful and recommended. Following will be a review of several of the information-gathering techniques available. The usefulness of business process mapping methods, and which mapping tools should be implemented during the analysis process, will also be discussed. In closing, a review of the methods an analyst can use to confirm an effective understanding of the acoustic projection requirements will be provided.There are several information-gathering methods available. One such method is a review of the current documentation or Standard operate Procedures (SOPs) of the bu siness. Reviewing documentation can provide current and historical information, and has minimal impact on the daily routine of the business. Negatively, the documentation review process can be time-consuming, and many processes may not be documented. Observing and documenting the activities performed by an individual or a particular system are additional methods used to commemorate information. The observation method can be quite reliable, but also may be costly and time-consuming. In addition, observing an individual may keep him/her feel uncomfortable, thus impacting the way he/she performs. Another information-gathering technique is to elicit feedback about business requirements and processes from the users of the system. Feedback from actual users can be elicited via questionnaires or in-person interviews. There are benefits and disadvantages in using each type of technique. Questionnaires are a fairly inexpensive methodology, and results can typically be turned almost quick ly. Survey instruments can safeguard the interviewees anonymity and can be completed at the users convenience. Unfortunately, information retrieved from questionnaires may not be very detailed since the ability to probe for additional information is limited. In addition, missing data is irretrievable. In-person interviewing may provide greater details because the analyst has the ability to probe and interact with the interviewee. The analyst also has the ability to observe any nonverbal communication the interviewee may be expressing. On the down side, interviews can be quite time-consuming, and as seen with other methods, increased time typically means increased cost. Another technique is the Joint Application Design (JAD) session. A JAD session consists of a group of key stakeholders who are teamed together to discuss their opinions and the needs of the system or business.

Senseless: A False Sense Of Perception Essay -- essays research papers

Senseless A False Sense of PerceptionI feel as though I have no choice but to be a skeptic about our abilityto know the world on the sense experience given the information that is creationpresented.Our senses are touching, hearing, smelling and tasting, I believe it isquite possible that a somebody could think they see, touch, and smell somethingsuch as a glass of have a bun in the oven but there be no glass of beer present, therefore theirperception of this glass of beer is false. There is a good possibility thatthis person is suffering from every of the numerous possible sensations, auditory,visual or tactile, experienced without external stimulus and caused by mentalderangement, intoxication or fever, in other words this person could behallucinating.There are many a(prenominal) ways that the senses can be tricked into believing thingsthat are not true, an example is when a person takes the do drugs LSD, this drug isone which alters the state of the mind and tricks it into visu ally perceivingthings which are not real such as pink elephants, green rats, gold skin and soon. Hallucinations whitethorn occur when pressure is applied to different sections,drawing different reactions from the person being affected, these reactions arecaused by the affected person seeing things which they perceive to be real .Hallucinations are only one way by which the visual perception of an object canbe altered there are many more ways by which the visual percep...

The Strong Beliefs of Aerin from McKinleys Hero and the Crown and Elle

The Strong Beliefs of Aerin from McKinleys Hero and the Crown and Ellen from Gibbons Ellen promote    In the 1970s, rock artist David Bowie wrote a hit song entitled Changes that included these lines And these children that you spit on as they try to change their worlds/Are immune to your consultations/Theyre quite aware of what theyre going through. These lyrics star at the numerous weighty issues new-fashioned teenagers must resolve while going through the changes that will lead to a development of adult honorable codes. As any young adult will testify, an undefined moral atmosphere can result in difficulty making decisions (to cheat on a test or not to cheat on a test?), a problem that can become even more say with the addition of pressure from peers, media, family, and religion.   However, some teens have experiences that result in the shaping of a strong will and as a consequence can substantially form ethical convictions with nary a doubt. Two teens from th is years English Festival book selections fall into the latter category. Both Aerin from Robin McKinleys The Hero and the Crown and Ellen from Kaye Gibbons Ellen Foster exhibit strong moral beliefs formed during their early teen years. Some of the values and beliefs Aerin and Ellen share are independence, self-sufficiency, and a mistrust for leave. Each girls unique experiences supporter shape these beliefs, and both girls manife... ...o piqued that she develops her own plan to prove she is not just the silly girl everyone thinks she is She will become a dragon-killer. Aerins mistrust of the ability of authority figures to judge her capacities correctly will lead her to continually exceed expectations.   Aerin and Ellen have each formed strong moral and ethical beliefs at a young age, beliefs that will likely remain with them throughout their lives. They have come through the changes in their turbulent adolescent years with flying colors, building a impregnable moral founda tion. To borrow another line from the famed Bowie song, Aerin and Ellen are ready to turn and face the strange future that lies ahead and the changes it will bring.

The Strong Beliefs of Aerin from McKinleys Hero and the Crown and Elle

The Strong Beliefs of Aerin from McKinleys Hero and the Crown and Ellen from Gibbons Ellen Foster    In the 1970s, rock artist David Bowie wrote a withdraw song entitled Changes that included these lines And these children that you spit on as they try to change their worlds/Are immune to your consultations/Theyre quite aware of what theyre going through. These lyrics hint at the numerous weighty issues young teenagers must resolve while going through the changes that pass on lead to a development of adult object lesson codes. As any young adult will testify, an undefined moral atmosphere can result in difficulty making decisions (to cheat on a test or not to cheat on a test?), a problem that can become even more pronounced with the assenting of pressure from peers, media, family, and religion.   However, some teens have experiences that result in the shaping of a strong will and as a consequence can easily manikin ethical convictions with nary a doubt. Two teens f rom this years English Festival book selections fall into the latter category. Both Aerin from Robin McKinleys The Hero and the Crown and Ellen from Kaye Gibbons Ellen Foster indicate strong moral beliefs formed during their early teen years. Some of the values and beliefs Aerin and Ellen share are independence, self-sufficiency, and a mistrust for authority. Each girls unique experiences help signifier these beliefs, and both girls manife... ...o piqued that she develops her own plan to prove she is not just the silly girl everyone thinks she is She will become a dragon-killer. Aerins mistrust of the ability of authority figures to say her capacities correctly will lead her to continually exceed expectations.   Aerin and Ellen have each formed strong moral and ethical beliefs at a young age, beliefs that will likely remain with them throughout their lives. They have come through the changes in their turbulent adolescent years with flying colors, building a firm moral found ation. To borrow another line from the famed Bowie song, Aerin and Ellen are ready to turn and face the strange future that lies ahead and the changes it will bring.

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay

In the article Above the Influence, the main idea focuses on how alcohol in college has fasten onto society and is now considered a norm. The goal of this study was to explore how non drinking college students negotiated intercourse astir(predicate) a potentially stigmatized behavior abstinence from alcohol (675). The creation of the paper goes into depth on how students who dont drink alcohol are usually an outcast or fall into peer pressure to add in. In order to support the claims, researchers conducted an examine to prove their hypothesis.They utilize both strict non drinkers and drinkers and placed the participants on a party school campus where alcohol is broadly abuse. The actions of the kids varied on whether they would keep their non drinking low key or allow differents to know about their situation. The research allowed the experimenters to see the variation of how the abstinent drinkers used communication to still fit in. The claims I most agreed with was allowin g different non drinkers with various backgrounds to be put in similar situations. The diversity gave a give way out look on how they would try to still be friendly even without the alcohol consumption.When the students used their different tactics to party without upsetting the other drinkers, I believe the empty cup was the best plan (679). When youre communicating and trying to avoid any issues or quarrels, it is best to please the pivotal party. Although some of the students did not drink, holding a cup would allow them to socialize without being hounded. Drinking has become a normality in both college and mature culture. It can even be seen as disrespectful to some to refuse the offer or abstain from it. The empty cup allows positive face to yield place without questioning or disturbance from drunken or concerned peers.Participant Kristen stated that the cup gave her control of the situation and did give any prohibit vibes toward others. She was able to fit in the crowd w ith no problem. The non deluge cup could also allow the student to assimilate with new friends without feeling sticky or left out. It can give power to those who feel uncomfortable and out of place when faced with alcohol. Being a minority can ever so be harsh further the cup trick allowed a path into the majority without losing morals and beliefs. The claims that I did not agree with the most was blatantly tattle fellow party goers that they were not drinkers.Choosing to abstain from alcohol should be kept as a private matter and does not need to be raise boated or announced. A non drinker who states their lifestyle can be seen as a prude or over responsible. Their actions can belittle a social drinker and even stir up an argument (678). As shown in the article, participant Andy was caught in an argument with a girl after declaring his abstinence. He could deem hurt his relationship if the issue had gotten out of hand. His honesty without privacy has caused an uneasy feeling among others.Some of the students could have tried to please themselves and their peers by using a prop to get out of pressure. College students already know how hard it is to assimilate without adding alcohol to the mix and should try to avoid any persecution. In many cases it is great to own up to a positive lifestyle, but dealing with young adults is in another spectrum. The brutality and insults given by peers can damage a person both emotionally and mentally. The bashing can also cause one to change their outlook or mentality about drinking. By being nonstandard into the norm, a person can try to change their selves to fit in.Not only can denying drinking be an issue to the victim, but also a fellow peer. Alcohol is not always the center of a party or get together, but it is shown that when someone refuses a drink, the offered can feel offended, as if he or she were being dismissed as a person (677). Looking to keep the best interest of both parties is not to inform others ab out personal decisions. The experiment overall did allow many questions to be debunked, but I dont agree with using a college as a normal situation. In college, students are given a great amount of freedom which causes curiosity and experimenting.Whether it is with drugs or alcohol, college students use foreign or illegal items spendthrift when they are accessible. Most students are able to kick the negative habits when they are thrown into the real world and given real problems. The experiment should have been used in both college and adult life to give a feel on how being a non drinker is abnormal. I believe that a non drinker would be more accepted in a real world situation because being responsible is admirable when older. When put into a college realm, people track down to be very judgmental due to the level of maturity.Peer pressure never disappears but it does subside when the level of maturity develops fully. Adults do not big businessman or ridicule others when they are giving off a positive action. Although non drinkers can fall into stereotypical types such as a recovering alcoholic (676), it is easy to kick the labels when older. Therefore I do believe this article and research met the goal of different communication skills when dealing with abnormal choices in society. The experiment allowed to explore the responses of people when deciding on how they deal with abstaining from alcohol.Some of the feedback gave positive and accepting results while other communication methods created tension and unwanted stress. Although some forms of communication worked better in social situations rather than others, having an array of different attitudes helped determined which faces worked best in college. The positive face allowed participants to have both a unafraid time and maintain their safety. The other participants who chose their own route did have a hard time being accepted by others. Both methods created different paths, but allowed their abstinenc e of alcohol to be accepted in either a positive or negative light.

Crossing the West and Unite Essay

Is Pan- Africanism merely an ideology of beliefs that be extensives to a past? Historic eithery it can be t cannonball alongd that Africans in their country of origin pay off a great civilization but why in the world would this great pile need to walk a crusade like one(a) of its antecedents Du Bois when he said that The Last Battle of the West in liberation of the Africans. This was reechoed to the world when racial ideologies become dreadful in the West, in Latin America, and under the British Colony. In the paper written by Araia it was handstioned in detail how Pan-africanism followed throughout history how the Africans were discriminated from repatriation towards the movement of the Diaspora. Some of them be also the dark-skinned slaves who are treated well and given freedom by nearly of their masters. This loyalty taught the Diaspora to adapt the ways their masters taught them.The Africans and Diaspora experienced the same discrimination and both(prenominal) have adju sted to their present environs. It was also proven that one color is not a proof of concord since man seeks to have different clichs or the need to belong to a certain group. In some cases, adoption to a certain laws and culture makes a person get antagonized by two identities especially if the one cosmos introduced is exactly opposed to his or her tradition. And with that, instead of unification a person has the guilt of having adulterated ones culture or we may say to experience a culture shock. That shock divides, and Pan-African organizations have travel direct a long way to reunite its brood. An issue that goes with personal identity crises is repatriation which has unspeak adapted and good consequences like founding its way for a new black republic in the western hemisphere. That beginnings fostered confidence to the Diaspora and to the Africans in the continent. These are somehow, providential that the Africans spread out the world like someone says that from evil in th at location is an abundance of good. In this scenario, we can conclude that those early Africans who crossed the continent have struggled, though some may loose their birth right marks, many have hold on to his true identity. In one of the conferences, Africans echoed the need to be respected like all an different(prenominal) humans as Malcolm X stated that , so that Africa too becomes respected as other huge continents are respected, then, wherever people of African origin, African heritage or African blood go, they entrust be respected but only when and because they have something very much larger that looks like them behind them (GAraia). His words explained the impact of Pan-Africanism ideology towards the African experience and the Black Diaspora. To him, the proof of a good race is the good examples that will be left behind by that color and creed.Malcolm X words mean to say, the need for the Africans to show to the world that the race came from a good and business stock while explaining that respect begets respect. But first and foremost respect for oneself should come first. The elevation of the human nature is based on its dignity, and for this reason it is inevitcapable to look back to where this race belongs. It is important to see how the older ones have struggled and how did they fought squarely the battle of searching for ones identity. Thus when it is found, is it an experience of neither dismay nor courage. The integral part of this soul searching is whether it is accepted or not but the most important thing is to gain confidence and gear up whatever damage is done. The reformist Du Boisian pan-Africanism had more influence and ideological impact on Africans in the Continent during the early part of reunification but on the later part the transatlantic Pan-Africanism focused on nationalist ideologies thru Nkrumah. However, the vision of Garvey became relevant until today because it has promoted wholeness and well-being among Africans, re-examination of public polity against racism and other forms of discrimination which has resulted to security and equality, and provision of sovereignty and respect towards indivi doubled culture. Identity crisis was changed into acceptance in spite that points of view can not always be the same. The Brazzaville and Casablanca could have been fueled by the so called identity crisis too which could have gotten down to the marrow of the new generations of the Africans in the middle of the 19th Century. The former against the rush of a socialist mentality and the other gets intimidated of begging or having dependence on the Western aid. Those are two opposing ideological differences that have affected the political and economic perspectives of that cadence. However, in the course of time different Africans groups learned to focus on their similarities to bridge the gap that has existed due to various groupings. This contact of the minds ended in the formation of the African Unity which led by Nkrumah created the UNIA under the influence of the philosophy of Marcus Garvey to the Negritude of Cesaire and Senghor. This movement led to the search of the African identity till it is cognisen today as African Union (AU) which was previously called Organization of African Unity (OAU).Today, we may say that the Pan-Africanism movement has matured and was able to handle whatever difficulties they would get entangled within their individual principles and personal circumstances. Through viable global communications brought by new technology, a familiarity was built between Africa and its Diasporas which forge Pan-African unity transcending all unproductive dichotomies.Todays relevance of the Pan-African Pan-Africanism will remain the instrument of fostering unity and empowerment as long as there is marginalized Africans and Diaspora that has been continually growing in numbers. It will be the voice to call and unite, and to remind wherever this colored men are, tel ling each one is his brothers keeper. With the growing world spearheading towards globalization, there is a great need for Pan-Africanism to be a state led project in the emancipation of its great role in the 21st Century. There will be new challenges facing the Africa and the Diaspora despite of its historical achievements of decolonisation and civil rights. The ideology of collective empowerment can provide a great leap for Pan-African states and societies who are merely pawns in the world arena. According to Nkrumah there is a need to pull all resources like the socio-cultural, eco-political aspects and demographic large(p)s to attain the Pan-African vision of the socio-economic development of all its civil societies namely the Africans and the Diasporas. It is very striking to know that African migrants (Diaspora) today are very much improve as compared to people of its countrys origin. Making the brain drain problem severe in Africa but these international migrants who are s killed are assets for the developing countries in terms of remittances and brain mobility. Those who migrated towards the north are very much educated however they only comprise of the minority. Majority migrated to other African countries. In other words, the Diaspora represents a growing mighty force for the development of Pan-Africanism today. The African Diasporas because of their dual identities acquired from their host countries became more flexible and at the same time equipped with enormous social capital that could defend the future of Africa. However, the government only views the Diasporas as an economic resource or by way a dollar remittance arm. They do not only exceed foreign investments cash capital but with their civic and cultural awareness could access global markets, create a more vigorous democracy that could strengthen a society that encourages evolution of new philanthropic cultures. Diasporas are regarded as people with multiple identities but with commitment s firmly rooted to their country of origin. The new generation of the African Diasporas will certainly bridged the gap of the Atlantic and Africa and the African American created by prejudices and the racist media. One can perceived today the growing awareness in the Pan-American consciousness for subject the assertiveness of the blacks in Brazil, the affirmation of Afrocentric culture in the US, and Afropolitan identities of the diasporas in European Countries. They are collective struggles that show the world that these African migrants are reconstructing their identities by renegotiating their bespeak in wherever host societies they belong which is in congruent that they will attain full democratic citizenship and status, a dream that has been long awaited by their peers and fore parents. In the long run, this presence of the Diaspora will be felt by the whole world and in order of magnitude to facilitate their presence, African policy makers and Pan-Africanism should take th e Diaspora options seriously. This requires networks that facilitate brain mobility, formation of diverse knowledge, and the defense to Africa which have been defamed in Euro-America. AU with its 20 councils, promoted social and cultural contexts towards its civic organizations in order to unify and integrate Africa, an enduring dream for Pan-Africanism derived from the rising of the Diasporas homogenization from ones host country. The AU is more robust organization, and is more people friendly. The OAU was preoccupied with politics, sovereignty and elites camaraderie. However, both are achievers in the vision of Pan-Africanism. In its present trend, AU launched the African Union-African Diaspora Summit at all levels of the State and Governments, with a theme Towards the realization of a coupled and integrated Africa and its Diaspora in short, after crossing the West the African will be united. This unity hopefully will lead to a full cooperation and better under wheeling of every member of the Pan-African nations including the cooperation of the Diaspora host countries worldwide. The self acceptance of the Diaspora rejuvenated Pan-Africanism with its contemporary dictum of being able to combine the old and new. Their demands are no longer driven by political independence but learning the complex ties that separate and unites them to their origin. With this knowledge, unity will not be an elusive dream to the Pan-Africanism but a way of life transcending global marginalism that has been caused by inequality of power and privileges. The passing of time may have healed the wounds in the past the present generations are no longer alienated to the prejudices, but men and women who are proud of their colour in and traditional beliefs. These Africans are more capable of confronting the problems of today than merely following the course of history. These are men who see the world, fair and square but able to form kinship and friendship even with those who had inf licted wounds on them. Pan-Africanism is not just an ideology its praxis, a chain that links all Africans of the world. It has guided the race through out history and will always be a gleaming light for those who find that multiple identities seem quite confusing. It will be a bosom for all Africans to convene, and to learn that adopting other technologies and means is not to be come inferior but teaching this race the value of honorable patriotism. The so called ideology came from a long journey, it infiltrated the West and the Atlantic continent, and it has surrounded the world as bent on becoming a one and united dynamic race. They will be people who will not be saddened by their past mistakes but more of a people who have stand and struggled to gain respect. These are people with human culture that is unique and these beliefs are needed to be upheld and preserved. The Pan-African vision will guide these beliefs through time which must be guided by wisdom. Loving ones country d oes not hate the other nationalism is not wrong as long as we do not hate or inflict wrong another nation. Better still, we must love our own country but also loving the recline of the world and thats what you call patriotism. For those who are lucky to cross the West, and the other Diaspora, and those who belong to each others continent it is time to unite. After all, man belongs to one hit stock the human being with a body and soul. Diasporas from all parts of the globe or Africans alike wherever continent they belong, they are just one brother and sister who belongs to one and the same human race. To all Africans and Diaspora the ideology of Pan-Africanism will always be behind, until the time that this race received the respect its forerunners has long waited for. It will always be the shadow that will unite every Africans and the Diaspora who has been nurtured and taught by its adoptive nation. In turn, both will be teaching the other their ways combining new and old and gi ving good examples that the rest of the world will learn to admire and accept.Works CitedGhelawdewos Araia. The Historical and Ideological Foundations of Pan-Africanism. 2006.

An Interview With a Relative

Welcome to the blue collar city of Buffalo, New York. I find myself in my great Uncle Wills old brick home in the place of Stabooh Buffalo. The house has the familiar smell of old people, in the foyer are a pair of work boots the leather old and worn, the soles nearly depleted. A layer of dust has formed on the boots that have remained untouched for decades. As I move closer to the kitchen I can hear the recognizable extend of stainless steel clinking on ceramic, the rhythmic noise can only be one thing Uncle Wills stirring his ever so present cup of joe.I know this interview is going to take a bit so I head to the fridge to find a cold beverage. Inside the fridge, prune juice I thought ugh, tap water will do. My Uncle begins by interviewing me. Uncle Will is curious to know how Im doing in school and if I like living in Kansas. We talk about family, cars and pets(he has a very fat cat). I dont motive this interview to be formal and stiff so I casually guide the conversation to h is earlier years. I want to want him about WWII precisely this is not what I want to focus on.I do ask about his service in the United States Army ripe to get an imagination of how his time in the army prepared him for entering the job market. In his tour of duty he saw himself promoted three times, level(p)tually to the rank of police captain and led a company of 60 men. This is all I want to know of his brief military service. I ask about his homecoming and the front thing he mentions is the excellent growth the delivery in Buffalo has made, it was as if the depression never happened he says with a half smile and a look of satisfaction.The best thing is not only was the city of Buffalo prospering the entire nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific was too. I sit ease and attentive just letting him talk. Its like a history lecture only its just me front and center, completely interested in the subject. I want to know more about Buffalo and the jobs available to him so I im plore. You could just see the smiles on everyones establishments, people base on balls with a bounce in their step he tells me. The reason for the smiling faces was that Buffalo was home to Bethlehem make the second largest steel producer in the nation.Bethlehem Steel employed tens of thousands of the citys people they offered good wages and a unionized work force, these things unploughed the grins ear to ear. The steel was mainly sent to Detroit to can the auto industries record sales. The primary means to transport the steel was the railroad and this is where Uncle Will found his calling. He was hired for the job almost immediately. His time ahead(p) troops in combat made him the top choice for the conductor position. Old Will describes his new job as Love at initiative sight.Will adored the sound of the methodic turning of the locomotives wheels, the hustle and bustle of the train yard and the fact that he had the privilege to literally drive the economy in a 200 ton, 7000 horsepower machine. The most efficient means of transportation, steel on steel, he says proudly. He now commanded trains with at least sixty box cars just like the company of soldiers he led just a short while ago. Uncle Will informs me that though the job often kept him away a lot with trips to Chicago and other mid-western cities he was proud to be transporting the materials to help the U.S prosper. He coveted every moment he spent with his locomotive the diesel powered Dual-Service Erie-Built Train Master, I called her Audrey after Audrey Hepburn, they showed her movies to us in the service Uncle Will laughs as he finishes his statement. Audrey was navigating her way through the extensive network of railways across the country and with that even I feel a bit of admiration of the industry. His devotion to the train industry is fascinating. I ask him to tell me more about his duties as a conductor. The conductor has the duty of accelerating, breaking, changing tracks and supervisi ng the crew, pretty important, he adds with a chuckle. His days on the maneuver of the locomotive began to blur together days became months and months turned to years plainly he says every time I pushed the accelerator I calm had that cunt bump sensation I felt the first time I pushed her to full speed. Buffalo was still enjoying economic growth through the sixties still thriving on Americas appetite for steel.In the late sixties as my Uncle explained he noticed a potpourri, less noise at the rail yard the sound of wheels turning was less prevalent the methodic rhythm slowing spile just like buffalos economy. Everyone could sense the change and the smiles began to fade. I want to know the reason for this change in demand. Uncle Will proclaimed with anger in his voice Foreign steel was being import from places like China and Korea. It was much cheaper and industry wants to save money. The lack of demand for Buffalos number one export closed the doors of Bethlehem and Republi c Steel. molarity lost their jobs. You could call this moment in time the death of our city he adds. This was and is the beginning of the continual decline of the Queen City. Uncle Will was right unemployment range were 6% and today is 9. 6% according to the New York State Department of Labor (www. labor. state. ny. us). This downturn affected all subsequent history. Unemployment caused crime rates to rise, do drugs use was rampant on the east side of town and it was spreading at a rapid rate.Today buffalo is littered with abandoned homes even ornate Roman Catholic churches have seen their doors and windowpanes boarded up. The city as I knew it was gone with these words I hear a solemn sigh. I precious this interview to be about how the railroad industry affected his life however by the way it started I should have known the interview was just a means for Uncle Will to tell me about the city he watched grow to greatness and the sadness it brings him to watch its decline.I peer out the window there is a light blanket of snow covering the concrete and the small bush he has in his front yard. It looks pretty and peaceful solely looks can be deceiving. Uncle Will mentions that even in his neighborhood crime was creeping in the house just two doors down was burglarized just a week ago he proclaims with a deep sadness in his eyes. I look closer at Uncle Williams face tired and worn like the work boots in the front hall, his soul wearing away.This man has done so much in his life he volunteered when his country needed him and guided trains on the veins of Buffalo, pumping its blood of steel around the fledging nation. Without sadness there cannot be joy and without depression there cannot be growth. regrettably this weary old man is still sitting in his old red recliner coffee cup in hand staring out the window at the city streets once home to the laughter of playing children now quiet and desolate. He says Id leave this place but there are too many memories in this old house, too many memories in this old city.

Ethical Issues in the Professions and Business Essay

Professionals and other business personalities all sh be a common ground of responsibility towards that batch that they particularly offer to serve. As individuals handling several procedures of servicing the society, it is undeniable that professionals follow a certain line of responsibilities that lead them towards the procedures of being able to exhaust the said tasks that they have towards the society that they are serving. To make the discussion concise, there are three major sets of responsibilities that each professional should give attention to.A) The Journalists from each one member of the society has his or her own values in life that must be served by journalists. As for a fact, people are unfeignedly given the chance to know what is happening in the society around them. However, when they are involved in the issues presented by the media, whether they are from the local sectors of the society or that of the well-known personalities, they are entitled to having their o wn privacy and this too should be well guarded by journalists in their process of presenting the truth to the public. On the contrary, the aim of the institutions that journalists are serving such as media networks is to present as many credible facts as possible. To make the ends meet, it is important for the journalists to measure the impact of the society and their phoner as well towards their professional being.B) The TeachersTeachers are primarily expected to return service that is connected to sharing knowledge. It lies in their hands the wide possibilities of coming up with effective procedures of handling the needs of their students. The institutions that they are serving however aim for enrolling as many students that the institution could cater to. It is then in the discretion of the instructor on how he or she could be able to give the students the education that they need though applying a process that could cater to a huge design of students in an effective manner.C ) The LawyersIt is the service of providing justice to all, that lawyers are particularly expected to render to the society. Undeniably, the values of the society in this manner are to be extremely considered. Serving the truth to those who need to know it and to those who need to be free is the key role that lawyers portray in the arena of justice provision. Once the lawyers are faced with a case that needs to be solved, whether they are in the defendants or the accused side, they must recognize the fact that they are there to render the truth to whoever is entitled to receive it.

The Hand-in Assignments

Untitled Document 1 of 4 https//elearning. uol. ohecampus. com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/C WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENTS Print Page Use the links below to jump directly to the related study. Hand-in Assignment Individual Project HAND-IN ASSIGNMENT Hand-in Assignments argon one flair for you to demonstrate your learning. The Hand-in Assignments provide an opportunity to apply concepts and strategies to an authentic context. Typically, Hand-in Assignments are written papers or computer programs that are submitted to the Instructor.They require you to pull together information from the weekly Learning Resources, the Discussion and your own experiences to address an issue from the perspective of a real-world situation. Unless otherwise noted, the papers you write in Hand-in Assignments must follow Harvard conferencing genius reference and citation guidelines. You must submit your answers to the following Hand-in Assignment (HA) questions by the end of Day 7 (Wednesday). Answers will be submit ted to the weekly Assignments area, but are not to be posted in the module Discussion Board. Question 1 Activity Mean durationStd. dev. (days) A 11 0. 9 B 13 1. 1 C 7 0. 2 D 9 0. 8 E 6 1 F 7 1. 2 G 10 0. 7 H 9 0. 6 11/04/2013 952 AM Untitled Document 2 of 4 https//elearning. uol. ohecampus. com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/C I 8 0. 8 Table 1 Complete the following 1. Calculate the foresee completion time. 2. Indicate the critical path activities. 3. What is the probability of completing this project between 38 and 40 days? 4. What are the slack values for activities C and F? Interpret the meaning of their slack values? Question 2 A registered nurse is trying to develop a diet plan for patients.The required nutritional particles are the total daily requirements of each nutritional element as indicated in Table 2 Required nutritional element total and daily requirements Calories not more than 2,700 calories Carbohydrates Not more than 300 grams Protein Not less than 250 grams Vitamin s Not less than 60 units Table 2 The nurse has four basic types to mathematical function when planning the menus. The units of nutritional element per unit of viands type are shown in Table 3 below. Note that the cost associated with a unit of ingredient also appears at the bottom of Table 3.Required nutritional element and units of nutritional elements per unit of food type Element Milk Chicken Bread Vegetables Calories 160 210 120 150 Carbohydrates cx 130 110 120 Protein 90 190 90 130 Vitamins 50 50 75 70 Cost per unit ?0. 42 ?0. 68 ?0. 32 ?0. 17 Table 3 Moreover, due to dietary restrictions, the following aspects should also be considered when developing the diet plan 1. The chicken food type should contribute at most 25% of the total caloric intake that will result from the diet plan. 2. The vegetable food type should provide at least 30% of the minimum daily requirements for vitamins.Complete the following Provide a one-dimensional programming formulation for the above case . (You do not need to solve the problem. ) 11/04/2013 952 AM Untitled Document 3 of 4 https//elearning. uol. ohecampus. com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/C Save your Assignment as a . doc, . docx, or . rtf file and handling the Turnitin link below to submit it. Return to top INDIVIDUAL PROJECT T he purpose of this simulation project is to provide you with an opportunity to use the POM-QM for Windows bundle to solve a linear programming problem and perform sensitivity analysis.POM-QM for Windows software For this part of this project, you will need to use the POM software 1. Read Appendix IV of the O perations Management (Heizer & Render, 2011) textbook. 2. Install and launch the POM-QM for Windows software and from the main menu select Module, and then Linear Programming. Note You rout out retrieve the POM-QM for Windows software from either the CD-ROM that accompanied your Heizer and Render (2011) textbook. 3. Program the linear programming formulation for the problem below and so lve it with the use of POM. Refer to Appendix IV from the Heizer and Render (2011) textbook. ) Note Do not program the non-negativity constraint, as this is already assumed by the software. For additional support, please reference the POM-QM for Windows manual provided in this weeks Learning Resources. Individual Project problem A firm uses three machines in the manufacturing of three ingatherings Each unit of product 1 requires three hours on machine 1, two hours on machine 2 and one hour on machine 3.Each unit of product 2 requires four hours on machine 1, one hour on machine 2 and three hours on machine 3. Each unit of product 3 requires two hours on machine 1, two hours on machine 2 and two hours on machine 3. The contribution margin of the three products is ? 30, ? 40 and ? 35 per unit, respectively. Available for scheduling are 90 hours of machine 1 time 54 hours of machine 2 time and 93 hours of machine 3 time. The linear programming formulation of this problem is as follow s Maximise Z = 30X1 + 40X2 + 35X3 3X1 + 4X2 + 2X3

The Importance of Gender Representations in Spanish Cinema

The different works of art from paintings to literary pieces present prevailing themes in the society. They act as small fragments of a comprehensive historical narrative. These fragments, though fictional, are still able to debate true scenarios, real spiritedness stories from which they are based upon. To a certain extent, germinates serve the same purpose as any work of art they present the artists feelings, thoughts, and reflections on whatever is happening in the society at the time of its creation.The different elements in any motion-picture show the societal setting and the grammatical gender authoritys do not only bring life to its plot. Rather, these thematic elements of the film contri providede fully on its general appeal and overall impact to its audiences. In this paper however, the researcher will only topical anestheticize on one of these elements gender facsimile. Putting a specific focus on this study, this paper will only explore the importance of the se representations in Spanish cinema.To perform this purpose, common gender representations in some Spanish films will be revealed in relation to how it reflects the prevalent issues in Spanish society how it adds to the films appeal to local audiences and how it provides an imagination of Spanish identities to local and international movie goers. 1st Assumption Gender representations grant the films the ability to reflect the prevailing issues in the Spanish Society In the past few years, domestic violence has been a prevalent social problem in Spanish communities.Reports put down that there is a high count of women who are suffering from the violence and physical abuse posed by their husbands and partners. Based on the report of Emma Daly in Christian Science Monitor, the Spanish society is suffering from a machismo culture where women are treated as inferior to men. (Daly, 1998) In relation to this important social issue, many films also carry domestic violence as significant th ematic components in their plots. In such films, women are portrayed as the victims of their husbands deed of their masculinity in a largely patriarch society that equates women to second-class citizens.Solo mia (2001) is one of the films which reflect this social issue. The movie puts into film a natural story that takes place not only in Spain but also in many societies where a once loving and tender relationship goes wrong. As shown in the movie, the relationship gradually transforms into a tale of obsession which prompts the husband to repeatedly subject his wife to domestic violence. (Saenz, 2009) The same social issue envelopes the film Princesas (2005) and El Bola (2000).In the first-class honours degree film, a prostitute suffers from the violence introduced by her lover while in the latter shows that children can also mystify victims of what is known in Spain as Terrorismo Familiar. Basically, Spanish cinema reflects not just the fact that domestic violence prevails in the real Spanish community. Rather, gender representations in the film also show that such type of violence affects women of all ages, and in different social classes. With the men presented mostly as the culprit of the violence, the films further shows that men in Spain often act adversely against the inferior women. nd Assumption Gender representation increases the films appeal to local audiences by reinforcing nationalism and providing greater grounds for linkage and identification. Since Spanish cinema reflects prevalent values, thoughts, and practices in the Spanish community, it gives the film a more localized appeal. The magnetic inclination to magnify ones identification with their culture further increases the movies appeal to the local moviegoers. Basically, most of the Spanish films pose a generic thematic sign from the mainstream Hollywood movies.While most Hollywood movies take the themes of liberal women who are posed as office players and even successful professi onals, most Spanish movies reflect on the importance of motherhood a local theme that is common in many traditional patriarchal societies. Solas is one of the most famous films that exalt maternity as the only way for a woman to achieve real fulfillment and happiness. The film revolves around the story of Rosa and her young lady Maria. The two, two victims of domestic violence, are reunited after several years of being apart.Rosa has become a passive victim to her husbands abuse but Maria refuses to surrender to the despotism and instead, decides to live in the city. However, Maria inevitably ends up in the same situation as that of her mother being physically and emotionally abused by her boyfriend. To a certain degree, the portrayal of motherhood in the story works in two contrasting ways. Rosa retains the visibleness of the typical mother. She is portrayed as the submissive and self sacrificing woman who is willing to endure overwhelming hardships the abuse of her husband in order to potentially proceed her family from falling apart.However, she fails as Maria separates herself from the threat that her father poses. Fortunately, in line with Rosas angelic qualities as a mother, she is able to unless her daughter from leading a devastating lifestyle through her captivating and unrestrained love and care. Following these implications, motherhood is presented in the story as a self-abnegating role which women must embrace not only to provide a certain sense of accomplishment but also to gain the ability to save people whom they care for.Motherhood is also presented as a Spanish womans way toward salvation and recovery as depicted in Marias character. Marias relationship with his boyfriend reflected a destructive scenario which led to her alcoholism. However, as Maria became pregnant, that signaled her positive transformation from an angry and strange character to another motherly figure thats kind, passionate, loving, and forgiving. In essence, Mar ias motherhood became her escape from the destructive factors that formerly consumed her life.Such gender representation embedded in the plot of the movie allows the local audiences particularly women to relate to characters and watch the film. 3rd Assumption Gender representation in Spanish films offers both local and international audiences with an imagination of Spanish identities Gender representation forms a significant part of the local Spanish cultures and traditions. As films carry gender representation which is reflective of a distinct cultural identity, they then achieve significance as cultural accounts.The fact that the movies provide both local and international audiences with an idea of what comprises a real Spanish community qualifies them as relevant educational and enriching artifacts. In addition to that, these artifacts not only promote an imagination of Spanish identities. Rather, the Spanish movies also help people of other cultures in learning, appreciating, and understanding Spanish culture. For example, in the film Coma agua para chocalate (1992) or Like irrigate for chocolate, the gender representations mirror how important must both men and women adhere to old superstitions and traditions.The film shows that marriage and love are restricted by old Spanish traditions as a young couple Pedro and Tita could not get married simply because Titas oldest sister has to get married first and because Tita had to first fulfill her domestic roles and responsibilities to her mother. Gender representation in La casa de los espiritus (1993) or The House of the Spirits also offers a glimpse at Spanish culture. This film shows the importance of social class as a local rags-to-riches patriarch does everything to prevent his daughter from marriage a lower class worker who fights for socialism.The same theme inspires the film, The Dog in the Manger (1995). In the movie, a Countess falls in love with his secretary. However, social status stands on th eir way. Furthermore, this gap in social position increasingly widens as the Countess, as a woman is expected to be submissive to societal expectations. Conclusions Gender representations become important elements to Spanish cinema mainly because they reflect prevailing issues and themes in a natural Spanish community.As these themes are reflected and portrayed, the films gain the local audiences perplexity through the formation of linkages and character identification. Gender representations embedded in the plot also qualify the films as cultural artifacts that offer audiences with a glimpse of Spanish culture. On the whole, gender representation promotes the appreciation of not just Spanish movies, but of the Spanish culture as well. Through the gender roles promoted in the films, both local and international audiences learn how Spanish culture must be understood and appreciated.

Ray Bradbury Research Paper Essay

Ray Douglas Bradbury was born in Waukegan, Illinois, on August 22, 1920. He is the son of Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and Esther Marie Moberg Bradbury. Ray attend Los Angeles High School. He was active in the drama club and planned to be an actor. Bradburys formal education ended with his high school graduation exercise in 1938. However, he continued to educate himself by spending his nights in the library. One of Bradburys best-known works, Fahrenheit 451, was released in 1953. It is set in the prox in which a totalitarian government has banned the written word. Today, Ray and Maggie Bradbury continue to live in Los Angeles. Ray Bradbury still writes daily and occasionally lectures. At an age when around men rest on their laurels, Bradbury remains a dynamic storyteller and reader of obvious answers to impossible afterlifes.(Jepsen and Johnson 4)Ray Bradburys paper style has always been known to be poetic without creation pretentious it communicates abstract ideas with layman t erms and engages our senses. (Ray Bradbury Board) I enjoy Bradburys use of chaff in stories, but especially in A Sound of Thunder when the killing of a butterfly changes all of civilization. The short story is about this fuddled man named Eckles who pays this time travel company to take him back to prehistoric times, so he can hunt for a dinosaur. These dinosaurs have been selected because a anterior survey indicated that they would die very soon anyway. Although this supposedly gets around the ripple effect, it quite obviously does nota flaw in logic that Bradbury himself undoubtedly recognized.A Sound of Thunder is about a wealthy man who has purchased a spot in a hunting trip named Eckles. The time traveling company doesnt want diseases brought to the past, so they will wear environmental suits and they will also be required to walk on an elevated platform. Bradbury provides an slight description of the ripple effect, showing how angiotensin-converting enzyme minor change can multiply over thousands of generations until it has the potential to change the world beyond recognition. Only tag dinosaurs are allowed to be killed.Surveys are conducted to see which dinosaurs should be marked and would die naturally anyway. Then, Eckles panics from seeing a tyrannosaurus appear, thus falling off the platform. The prick is dead, but the guide is still angry because Eckles could have changed the future. Before they traveled back in time, a heated election ends with a would-be potentate losing, but upon returning, there are few changes in the room, which the group notices as differences for reasons that Bradbury never explains. The most profound difference is that the election out be is different. The alteration of muniment occurred because, when Eckles left the path, he inadvertently measureped on and killed a butterfly. (Don DAmmassa 1)When reading A Sound of Thunder, I noticed parts when Bradbury used foreshadowing. One eccentric of foreshadowing in Brad burys short story is Lesperances explanation to Eckles on the dangers of small changes in the past having catastrophic effects on the future foreshadow the changes that occur. The constant warnings to stay off the path indicate that Eckles will leave the path. Another archetype of foreshadowing is when Eckles says, Does this safari guarantee I come back alive? They reply, We guarantee nothing This in my opinion gives me the idea that the safari must be quite dangerous and anyone doing such an activity need a plethora of courage. There are many examples of foreshadowing in A Sound of Thunder.Ray Bradbury remains a dynamic storyteller and contributor of obvious answers to impossible futures.(Jepsen and Johnson 4) He writes stories in compelling ways that involve very complex ideas and he makes it simple to understand while still being in an intelligent way. One particular quote Bradbury has stated that I enjoy is, Every morning I jump out of bed and step on a landmine. The landmine i s me. After the explosion, I spent the rest of the day putting the pieces together.(Ray Bradbury Quote 1) Bradburys use of irony is probably one of his most famous writing traits along with his way of being poetic, without being pretentious. In conclusion, Ray Bradbury will go down in history as one of the most famed science fiction writers of all time even though, he never considered himself a science fiction writer. How ironic?Sources PageDAmmassa, Don A Sound of Thunder Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Facts on File, Inc., 2005 Chris Jepsen, and Richard Johnson. Facts about Ray Bradbury www.spaceagecity.com/bradbury/bio.htm Ray Bradbury Xplore Inc, 2012. http//www.brainyquote.com/quote/authors/r/ray_bradbury.html Ray Brabury centre Board http//www.raybradbury.com/ubb/Forum1 /HTML/000463.html Bleiler, Richard Science Fiction Writers 2nd ed. New York Charles Scribners Sons Mittnacht, Veronica 10 Things you didnt know about Ray Bradbury http//flavorwire.come/106189/10-things-you-did nt-know-about-ray-bradbury

Tattoos and Their Relationship to Polynesian Culture

They print signs on peoples body and call(a) this tattow- pile Cook (Losch, 2003). What might his initiatory thoughts have been upon anchoring at one of the Polynesian islands, seeing natives c everyp strengthened in markings? What did the markings and designs mean? Could he have wondered what the significance was, who did this to them, and what was apply to place those markings on them. Although tattoos were ultimately banned, in that location was an cont trifle on the Polynesian culture one could determine ones rank, status, and birth based on the tattoos.Tattoos have existed on the Polynesian islands for over 2000 years, Samoa being the oldest island in the Polynesian chain and Aotearoa-slash-Te Waipounamu being the youngest of the islands that practiced tattooing. Although the Spaniards were the first to recover tattoos in Polynesia in 1595, the first written descriptions regarding tattoos did not appear for almost two centuries (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Though there were diff erences between the Polynesian islands that made each island alone(p) there were also similarities that were sh bed between all the islands.One of the primary differences between the tattoos on Polynesian islands was the impostal names that were used for tattooing. For example, many of the islands used usanceal names for tattooing such(prenominal) as Moko from the island Maori, Tatatu from the island of Tonga, and Tatau from the island of Samoa. In fact the term tattoo originated from the Polynesian password ta which means to strike something and the Tahitian word tatau which means to mark something (Designbloom, 2000-2009). There were two staple design styles that were shared amongst all the Polynesian islands.The first design style was known as Etua and the blink of an eye style was known as Enata (Hastings, 2009). The designs associated with Etua were of a strong spiritual nature, had a religious connotation, and were looked upon as charming symbols that would provide protec tion by the gods. The designs associated with Enata were based on natural designs which could be used to determine a natives status, parting, genealogy, occupation, and identity. The pursuit are some examples of symbols based on Polynesian design and their meanings (Hastings 2009). chisels Teeth- Sharks teeth tattoos are for protection Turtles- A turtle symbol represents huge life and fertility Tiki- The god Tiki is often shown with eyes closed. This is because Tiki is able to smell trouble before it is seen. Although Enata and Etua were clean-cut styles, the patterns and designs used by the various islands, and the tribes of each island were distinct enough to set them apart from one another. The following was noted, Within the islands currently known as French Polynesia (the Society, Tuamotu, Austral, Gambier and Marquesas groups), the private island groups or scour individual islands had unique designs.Thus, it was realistic to identify a persons origins based on their ta ttoos (Losch, 2003). An example of the ability to identify natives based on their island of origin was the spiral motif used by the Maori natives of Aotearoa-slash-Te Waipounamu. Not only was it possible to identify the island of origin it was also possible to determine the status that one held within the tribe. The ritual of receiving a tattoo ordinarily began as one reached teenage years this was looked upon as a rite of passage into adulthood. Additional tattoos were added over time the more a man was tattooed the more prestige he had (Opusmang, 2008).Tattoos played an important enjoyment in determining how one was looked upon within the tribe, tattoos were associated with wealth, strength, and power. Consequently, it was not uncommon for the chief, and the warriors to have the most detai conduct, and extensive tattoos. Additionally, Tattoos were so important in the culture that those men, who were completely tattooed, known as tooata, were admired however, those men who were n ot tattooed were despised by their tribe (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Tattoos on men were far more extensive then on women and include intricate designs.The tattoos on Samoan mens thighs were so extensive that it almost appeared as though they were clothed. Additionally Samoan men had a tattoo that was referred to as a pea which covered their thighs, buttock, dismantle back, and concluded with a piece around their naval. Unlike the design of the female referred to as malu, which was a lace webbing design, the design of the pea was a solid pattern. As opposed to males, the tattoos on females were generally fit(p) on the hands, feet, arms, ears, and lips (Tahiti Tatou, 2007).Women of wealth were allowed to have their legs tattooed if they chose to do so. There were additional differences that related to men and women when it came to tattoos. One such difference related to Tahitian women, it was common practice for them to have a deep blue modify on their loins and buttocks. Another commo n practice occurred when a young girl reached the age of 12, her indemnify hand was tattooed, at which point she was allowed to prepare nutrition, and join in the ritual of rubbing coconut petroleum on deceased members of the tribe (Tahiti Tatou, 2007).Traditionally males were the most decorated members of the tribe however this was not the good example on Fiji and Tahiti. As a matter of fact it was the exact opposite the females were required to have tattoos. The first tattoos that a young girl received were marks on the inside of her arms, she was then deemed free of food taboos, and was then allowed accept food from others (Opusmang, 2008). The island of Samoa could very well have ended up with the same tradition as Fiji and Tahiti if not for two Samoan sisters who received their training in Fiji.Upon their return trip from Fiji the Samoan sisters, who were credited with bringing the art and ritual of tattooing to Samoa, somehow managed to reverse the tradition (Losch, 2003). Thus it appears a reinvigorated tradition was started quite by accident, which resulted in the extensive and intricate tattooing of the male natives on Samoa. This new tradition was adopted by many of the Polynesian islands. Tattooing was considered a ritual that was preceded by a ceremony. The preparation that led up to the ceremony was quite elaborate, a period of cleansing was required one was expected to truehearted and abstain from contact with women during this period.The art of tattooing was described by Dr. ROLLIN in this manner The patient was immobilized most often in a sort of vise composed of two trunks of banana trees between which he was attached and held tight. The tattooer, accompanied by his assistants, sang a sort of chant of the occasion syncopated to the circle of the tapping of his little mallet. Each drop of blood was rapidly wiped up with a scrap of tapa, so that no(prenominal) be allowed to fall to the ground (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). The ritual was very pai nful and could go on for several eld or weeks.Specific tools and dye were created to perform the ritual act of tattooing. The tools were created out of either bone or tortoise shell. The implement was shaped into a comb with needles on the end, which was attached to a handle. The dye was created from the soot of burned candlenut which was mixed with water or oil (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). The tool was dipped into the dye the needles were placed on the persons body and tapped with a mallet, which transferred the dye. This process was repeated numerous time until either the individual could no longer take the pain or the sun went down.Nevertheless, it was continued the following day, and many old age thereafter until the design was complete. Performing the act of tattooing members of ones tribe was considered a sacred act which was performed by a master or a priest-doctor. In most instances it was the master or shaman that determined the type of design, who would receive the tattoo, and when (Losch, 2003). In fact they were highly trained, aware of the meanings of the designs, and highly proficient in the technical art that was involved. As a result, the master or shaman was held in high abide by by all members of the tribe.The practice of tattooing tribe members went on for many years until the arrival of missionaries in 1797. concisely after their arrival tattooing was banned by the missionaries, it was deemed to go against the Old Testament and was forbidden by Christian churches. Consequently tattooing remained on the fringes of society, in other cases the art of tattooing completely died out, as occurred on the islands of Tonga and Rapanui. As a result many of the original designs were thought to be lost when missionaries banned tattoos after their arrival in the in 1797.Ironically traditional Polynesian tattoo designs are reappearing due to over 400 notes and drawings that were through by a missionary named Karl Von Steinen (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Prior to t he banning of tattoos by missionaries in 1797 tattoos played an important role in the Polynesian culture. Tattoos had a direct impact on tribal hierarchy. In fact it was possible to determine the island of origin and the status one held in the tribe based on the design of the tattoos, the locations of the tattoos, and the exit of tattoos that covered the body.There were, in fact, differences between male and female members of the tribe when it came to determining the location of the tattoos, the designs of the tattoos, and the cadence of tattoos. The fact that individuals were willing to endure such pain over many days or even weeks is an indication of how important tattooing was to the Polynesian culture. Try to imagine the pain associated with being tattooed, the only choices available are to proceed with the tattoo or risk being shunned, ostracized, and despised by the tribe.

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations?

The Cuban missile crisis had relieved the tensions and possibilities of a nuclear warfare between the ii superpowers. The USA had attempted to destroy Castros regime, with the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion where 1,400 Cuban rebels attempted to invade the island. The USSR had aim to the aid of Cuba, providing nuclear missiles aimed at major cities in USA. The USA ordered a naval deflect to prevent Soviet ships from transporting the missiles to Cuba.The threat of a nuclear war was apparent and eventually the two superpowers make an agreement stating the removal of the US missile sites in Turkey in exchange for the USSR missile sites in Cuba, aborting the possibility of nuclear annihilation. The two superpowers were at the brink of a nuclear holocaust barely the crisis make them realise the policy of brinkmanship was dangerous so they abandoned it, which is why the crisis is viewed as a turning point.The crisis had too improved US-USSR relations. USA and the USSR were prepared to avoid a future crisis after they take in the policy of brinkmanship roughly caused a nuclear war. A telephone hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin to add swift communication and in August 1963, a Test-Ban treaty was signed, outlawing the test of nuclear weapons. Therefore, the Cuban projectile Crisis was a turning point in Cold War relations because the two superpowers developed a friendship, putting the sweat in to reduce risk of a recurrence. On the contrary, it could only be exposit as a turning point in this period because they were reducing the risk of a crisis but they did not preserve their relations later on.The crisis had also led to realism peace. The superpowers had avoided a nuclear war and in doing so prevented the destruction of the world. The USA did not bother Cuba again and the Soviet missiles were removed from Cuba. The superpowers realised that peaceful negotiations can help solve predicaments and both leaders were credited for their p art in maintaining world peace. The crisis is a turning point as before, the world wasnt peaceful with USA trying to absolve the world of communism and the relations between superpowers were negative. However, in this time period, they had restored world peace by negotiating terms.The Cuban Missile Crisis influenced Cold War relations strongly. The two superpowers had now realised the dangers of adopting the policy of brinkmanship and made an effort to avoid a recurrence of the crisis again by understanding the importance of swift communication.

Constitutional rights of prisoners Essay

They would use whippings and hangings, to public humiliation . Multiple prisoner where kept in crowded cells. One of the first correctional institutes in America was known as the Walnut Street jail. It was started in Philadelphia in the 1790. Prisons were meant to punish people who committed crimes. It was thought that by victorious away ones freedom for committing crimes it would make them think twice about committing another crime when they were released. However by restricting them of their right to freedom violate their constitutional right?Should prisoners have rights while they are incarcerated? How do our prison systems refrain from making sure that prisoners rights are not being go against? Are the wardens and guards that runination our prison systems doing all they can to ensure that our prisoners are being taken care of while property their own balance in their periodical functions? There are many problems that are evident in our prison systems today that would make a person feel that a prisoners rights are being violated for instance the medical checkup treatment of prisoners.Its a right for a person to seek medical treatment however our flimflams are not getting the treatment that they deserve due to the lack of doctors in our prisons and sometimes it due to the guards not wanting to give them the treatment because they feel they dont very need it. A prisoner is given a comprehensive medical and mental health exam within fourteen days of entering our prison system they are then examined periodically thenceforth . Unless a prisoner has a dental emergency they are seen within one year of their price of admission into prison and annually thereafter.So as I was researching this I had to ask myself if they are being abuse when it comes to the medical attention that they receive and my answer is no. Prisons dont violate the rights of a prisoner to seek medical help they are actually being seen and treated more than most American are. Our priso n system and jails have certain duties and codes that they essential follow to insure the true(p)ty of our prisoners. A correctional facility should be safe and orderly and should be run in a fair and lawful manner.Imprisonment should prepare prisoners to live law-abiding lives upon release. Correctional authorities should facilitate prisoners reintegration into free society by implementing appropriate conditions of confinement and by sustained planning for such reintegration. A correctional facility should take hold order and should protect prisoners from harm from other prisoners and staff. Restrictions placed on prisoners should be necessary and proportionate to the legitimate objectives for which those restrictions are imposed.Correctional authorities should respect the human rights and dignity of prisoners. No prisoner should be subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or conditions. For a convicted prisoner, loss of liberty and separation from society should be the fix punishments imposed by imprisonment. For a prisoner not serving a sentence for a crime, the employment of imprisonment should be to assure appearance of the prisoner at trial and to safeguard the public, not to punish. A correctional facility should be appropriately staffed.Correctional officials should implement internal processes for continually assessing and improving to each one correctional facility. A correctional facility should be monitored and regularly inspected by independent government entities. A lack of resources should not excuse treatment or conditions that violate prisoners constitutional or statutory rights. governmental authorities should provide sufficient resources to implement these Standards. (Oxford 1995) They also have the sole duties of keeping are prisoners safe from any harm that they may encounter by doing the following.Each prisoner is entitled to humane and preventative living conditions safety from harm, including protection from punitive or excessive force and protection from abuse by other prisoners and staff freedom from staff harassment and invidious discrimination freedom of religion and genuine freedom of expression conditions conducive to maintaining healthy relationships with their families opportunities to participate in constructive activity andrehabilitative programs. We as Americans have constitutional rights that we all are protected from and a person who commits a crime against another person or society should be punished for it.Some of the punishments might be a little severe for the crime committed, but we do need to be held accountable for our actions. Our jurist system is coming up with ways to keep petty offenders out of our prisons and by doing more policing in our cities is deterring criminals from committing crimes. Prison guards face numerous ethical dilemmas on the job. They need to be well connected to prisoners. An inmate may try to bribe them for better treatment or inmates may be abusive to guards for no reason. In both of these situations a guard must be able to treat all inmates equally.They must be able to enforce prison rules firmly and consistently. This is something that should be done on a daily bases both while on duty and in his everyday life.

Maintaining Reliability

If you do your banking online you will divulge that occasionally when you go to access your report card information, it is sometimes not availableusually during odd hours of the shadow or early morning. An error message may appear on the screen advising you that the information pass along is not currently available due to system maintenance. Later, when get back online to check on your account, all of your account information, such as balance and items posted, has been updated.With something as important as finances, the dependableness you numerate on with your bank is what the banks reputation rides on. The banks ability to mention your account in a reliable manner is what keeps your business at that particular bank. Not limited to banking, reliability and maintenance are important in business operations. Many business-specific meanings for the words reliability and maintenance exist, notwithstanding overall, everything boils down to one standard without reliability and wit hout maintenance, business is not business as usual.Generally defined, reliability is the ability of a system to perform and maintain its functions in routine circumstances, as well as hostile or unexpected circumstances (Wikipedia, 2006). From a business perspective, simple words such as dependable, trustworthy, consistency and repeatability can better explain what reliabilitys meaning in truth is (Trochim, 2006). A long time client continues business with an organization for the reliability the organization providesfor the organizations ability to either provide the same results time and again, or to provide improved results. With this in mind, the marge maintenance comes into play.Maintenance is defined as the act of maintaining or the state of being maintained, and the work of belongings something in proper condition (Webster, 2006). To ensure reliability, an oorganization must maintain the manner in which they provide a service. Microsoft, for example,is constantly tweaking the software program programs they provide to home and businesses users.They do this to ensure that their customers can continue to enjoy a secure, hassle-free (for the most part) experience with todays computer technology. In addition to hiring computer programming and IT experts to maintain their product, Microsoft provides a link on their main website for customers to report any problems they may encounter while apply their product, which assists in covering all aspects of performing proper maintenance (Microsoft, 2007). Those little system update pop-ups you receive while doing work on your computer are Microsofts way of maintaining your computer software for youyou dont even have to set a reminder or perform time-consuming research to ensure that your computer has the latest versions of programs available.Maintenance is not simply about improving a product, but also about making sure that the product continues to be reliable. The behind the scenes maintenance of ensuring a b road product is what makes a business reliable and successful. In the end, you can have a great product, but if your business is not reliable, you wont have a business to run.References1. Merriam-Webster Research Team. (2006) definition of Maintenance. January 2007 www.webster.com/dictionary/maintenance2. Microsoft Corporation (2006) Microsoft Help and Support. January 2007 www.support.microsoft.com/gp/ContactUsSecHome.3. Trochim, William M.K. (2006) Theory of Reliability. January 2007 www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/reliablt.htm.4. Wikipedia Writing Staff. (2006) Definition of Reliability. January 2007 www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability.

Equal opportunities for all in employment Essay

1. Do you venture that legislation is useful in ensuring that at that place atomic number 18 equal opportunities for all in employ inventforcet?There has been a gradual reduction in distinction through the last century, legislation recent by the government in numerous encounters realize acted to reduce dissimilarity in the process place. The Equal deliver impress 1970, The Sex Discrimination come 1975 and the Race Relation go 1976 are the main legislation that reduce discrimination.The Equal counterbalance Act 1970 ensured that men and women play the same terms and conditions for spurting a comparable product tenor. Previous to this there were galore(postnominal) employers stick discovering women less for doing the same amount of work as a man.The Sex discrimination Act 1975, made it rachiticegal to disunite in employment on the grounds of sex and martial status. This act in whatsoever case brought to light direct discrimination where near ace is treated l ess favourably than a outgrowth of the opposite sex and indirect discrimination where a particular requirement unmingledly treats e genuinelyone equally only when has a disproportionate rig on a particular group the required moldiness similarly non be justifiable (Bratton & Jones 1994).The Race Relations Act 1976 made it unlawful for employers to discriminate on grounds of race, colour, nationality and ethnical or national background. This was in an case to reduce racism especially in the work place.These prepares of legislation are in an attempt to provide equal opportunities. Employer should only cook up decisions found upon the persons solve executive to do the melodic phrase. Though the government tries to ensure equal opportunities by full-gr bear out legislation that is encouraging, equal opportunities relies on easily working practice. This is highlighted in job analysis where a person specification mustiness not be to a greater extent favourable to men than w omen. Advertising must not discriminate on grounds of sex or martial status, sales person as appose to salesman. Interviews and selection must not ask discriminating questions such as whether a woman intends to pee children.In conclusion legislation goes a long way to helping equal opportunities, and some cases (Grieg V Community Industry (1979), Gubala V Crompton Parkinson Ltd (1979)) have been brought a gullst employers for discrimination. But real equal opportunity relies on the employers good practice of this legislation (Pendlebury 1996).2. Is positive discrimination a worthwhile policy for an scheme and for parliamentary law in general? Is there an overriding justification for positive discrimination?Positive discrimination is only worthwhile when used to dismiss preconceptions. Ethnic groups do not go into the police deposit generally for fear of racism and discrimination. UK police have a policy of encouraging recruitment from ethnic groups. This is to help represent so ciety, which is multi-cultural therefore enforcement officers should also be multi-cultural for an equal representation. Though positive discrimination must not be confused with or lead to preferential handling on the basis of tokenism e.g. everyone past the recruitment test except for the woman, therefore we re-test or just stick out her in anyway, as we adopt a woman.In politics, the House of Parliament is hatcht to be a representation of Great Britains society this is not the case. The majority of the House of Parliament is middle-aged, white and male. Steps have been made to positively discriminate to distinguish a more un-biased representation of the population. In this case there is an overriding justification for discrimination to help the young, women, ethnic groups into the House of Parliament.3. Why is the interview such a popular method of selection, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?The interview is the most popular method of selection because it allows oftentimes more detail than any some other form. Questions give the axe be posed and the responses gauged as they are given. The advantages of the interview are that it has direct face-to-face communication. A rapport can be built up between nominee an interviewer giving a relaxed melodic business enterprise and more natural answers. The interview can be used to find out specific lucubrate crucial to the job and the candidates ability in this area. The candidate is less likely to exaggerate face-to-face than they force on an application form. An interview generally outlines what the candidate wrote on an application form. It is the outstrip method of get an accurate prediction of work performance.The disadvantages of a interview is that the candidate can deceive the interviewer in specialiser areas that the interviewer knows nothing about e.g. the candidates knowledge of internal computer circuit boards, the interviewer mogul not know liberal information about them to te ll if the candidate is really the right person for the job. The interviewers perception whitethorn be selective, s/he may be racist, and this lack of objectivity may go unnoticed. A rapport with the candidate might cloud the interviewers objective judgement.An interviewer might dismiss a candidate on first impressions or stereotyping and then spend the rest of the interview confirming their decision. Or the halo effect where a smart dressed candidate distorts later judgements. The interviewer can induce a logical erroneous belief just because the candidate has not held down a job for more than six months doesnt mean they wont this time. Interviews place more emphasis on the negatives alternatively than the positives. Inexperienced interviewers might make errors of judgement and bias the results (Chambers 1997).4. Analyse the problems associated with psychometric test, and the primal assumptions on which this selection procedure is based.Psychometric testing has a number of draw backsThere is not always a direct relationship between the candidates performance in the test and their ability in the job. The job situation may be very different from the artificial test scenario.The interpretation of the results is usually complicated requiring makeing and experience. It is highly subjective, which belies the apparent scientific nature of the approach.Individual psychometric tests have their own drawbacks an aptitude test for arithmetical ability would need to be constantly revised to ensure that later applicants would not know its content. Personality tests are often misleading as applicants try to guess which result leave behind be viewed most favourably. apprehension tests do not usually back away into account different burnishs and attitudes, which affects their chances of scoring well. It can be very hard to test for obscure traits such as maturity and creativity.It is difficult to erase bias from tests. many another(prenominal) tests are wind upd ba nkrupt by men than women, tests are usually juted by men this influences the make-up of the test. It is hard not to discriminate against race or sex in particular candidates of the testing.The underlying assumption is that all applicants test on fair and equal terms. If an applicants mother is badly in hospital this depart weigh on the applicants mind and may distract them in the test. The go around applicant may be having an off day, while the worse applicant might be on top form.Rewards Management1. Analyse the connection between demand and fabricate using three mainstream want theories.Herzbergs two factor model of motivation claims that currency is a hygiene factor which operator it is a dissatisfier if it is not sufficient, however money is not a potential satisfier or positive motivator. Herzberg say that moneys impact on favourable feelings is short term, while not teeming pay produced long term unfavourable feelings.Adamss Equity theory of motivation argues that merriment from pay is think to the employees perception. This is the amount of effort they put in for the amount of pay they get compared with the ratio of others. foretaste Theory states that motivation willing be strong if psyches can expect their effort to produce worthwhile recognizes. Armstrong & Murlis (1998) say that the great the value of a set of awards, the higher the probability that receiving each of these reenforcements depends upon effort, the greater the effort that will be put forth in any given situation. For example to get a bonus of 100, they may have to reach certain targets, if they think the effort they have to put in would match the 100 they will.Pay is very important to people because they rely on it to satisfy their staple fiber needs. It is also a sign of their worth, it can therefore improve self-esteem and thus motivate them. Pay is the recognise to attracting people to a new job although other benefits may also be a factor pay is the most crucia l. Employees will make comparisons between themselves and other employees, which will relate to righteousness and fairness. If they feel theyre not being remunerative enough they will leave, or work to attain a pay- organize. Pay can motivate (Armstrong & Murlis 1998) but to achieve lasting motivation attention has to be paid to other non-financial motivators.2. When considering their reward systems management and employees will have differing priorities. What might these priorities be and why do they differ?Managers loss to attach productivity by motivating their staff to get as overmuch work out of them as possible. Employees on the other hand want as much money and benefits for doing their work as they can get. This produces a common ground on which employers and employees can negotiate.Employees want to maximise their rewards for working which affects their standard of living and their lifestyle. The government wants value for money from its employees, to attract and reta in staff, to gain commitment and improve performance, which affects profitability and cost-effectiveness.Employees are smell after themselves and want rewards for doing as little work as possible. Employees are concerned that for putting a certain amount of effort in they get a justified reward. Management are concerned that the employee put in enough effort to merit the award. Sale targets are a good example, if the employee meets the theater directors requirements they get a bonus (Armstrong & Murlis 1998).3. What do we mean by differentials and relatives, and why are they important?The pay structure must provide appropriate differentials between ranges to reward significant increase in job size by moving a job to a higher grade. This means that there must be a meaningful pay increase with an increase in workload. If there is not sufficient differential between ranges of pay, then some actors will endure borderline and frequent re-evaluations will be required. In a chain of e ducation the pay is highest at the top and lowest at the tin can. Before being able to move up the chain, the length of the data link must be overcome. Their needs to be at least a 10% pay rise for expiry from one link of the chain to the next, despite small pay rises as the employee moves up the link. interior(a) Relatives can be monitored by looking at the differentials that exist between groups of employees. If it is felt that because of changing roles that the pay does not reflect the new job size, investigations can be conducted to rectify the situation.When looking at pay for an employee, comparisons must be made on other organisations (monitoring external relatives). This is the competitive stance it has with other organisations this might be matching others, more or less.It is important for managers to look at the pay differences in their own staff to see whether they arent being treated fairly not being paid enough for the work they do compared to another employee. If th e employees feel there is not enough pay rises to put up extra work they will not. If there is not sufficient differentiation between stages of the chain of command they will not be so keen to advance upon it. besides if employees of McDonalds employees learn that Burger King is relatively paying an extra pound per hour more, they will try to defect to Burger King. (Armstrong & Murlis 1998)4. What changes has the crackment of HRM brought to management of reward systems? Are these changes beneficial to employer and employee?Armstrong & Murlis (1998) claim that Reward Management philosophy evolved in accord with many aspects of HRM philosophy. This is underline by treating people as assets to be invested in, this is HRM philosophy being incorporated by rewards management. By reward people putting money in this should get greater productivity getting more out. exhibit by gaining employees commitment to the objectives and values of the organisation. Through strategic integration b y incorporating HR issues into strategic plans and ensuring that the heterogeneous aspects of HRM cohere and are mutually supportive. Lastly HRM has enabled employees to fulfil their full potential and to deliver their maximum piece to the achievement of organisational goals.These changes really benefit both the employee and the employer, the employee gets more out of rewards management, while the employer recognises the employee as an asset. HRM tries to bring the goals of employers and employees juxtaposed together, by involving the employee more with the business increasing his loyalty while getting more out for he employer (Armstrong & Murlis 1998).Restructuring of Work1. Why might the structure or design of work be important for the individual worker and for the organisation?The structure or hierarchy of work may help aid communication theory from the top level of management down to the lowest worker. An organisation with many layers of hierarchy or along chain of command w ill have difficulty in communications between top and bottom men. Communications from the top will go through many layers and tend to distort as the depicted object is past on like Chinese whispers. Communications from the bottom will take ages to reach the top if they ever do. This is why a process of delayering has been happening in many UK businesses to reduce the levels of hierarchy to virtually cardinal.Clearly defined aims and objectives help to ease systems of communication between different parts of the organisation. Rolex want to be perceived as a luxury brand, this is their aim and objective. Knowing this their marketing department is not going to do a cheap and tacky advert e.g. Pot Noodle. A good structure will help to keep all aspects of the organisation working in the same direction, for the organisations goals. To have a good structure is important to eliminate mistakes and therefore not waste time and money.2. Explain the limits of taylorism as a job design strate gy.Fredrick Taylors technique of scientific management is based upon the division of labour. This was done by taking a complex job and splitting it into its component parts, then train employees to carry out a single project in the most efficient way. This is in effect a action line with each worker doing a bit more to the product.The drawbacks of job design by task fragmentation are that workers experience extreme repetitiveness. Doing a task with little mental stimulation will result in daydreaming and not paying attention as a result of fond interactions and diversions. This can lead to accidents and errors in the task.Stress is related specifically to high-workload, low discretion jobs. Symptoms intromit flyaway tension, withdrawal and low morale this will tend to affect performance.Motivation will suffer as a result of dissatisfaction with the work and extra efforts will need to be made by the managers. The elemental tasks will also build walls between workers and managem ent, as the workers tasks are perceived theirs and under the control of the manager (Mullins 1999)(Marcouse 1999)3. labor rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment are simply attempts by managers to control individuals at work. Discuss. stage business rotation involves workers changing jobs from time to time. This could mean moving down a production line or from one department to another. This should reduce ennui and give the employee a wider variety of skills and understanding of the business. An employer will also gain from a more widely trained staff, as it allows for staff being ill and having trained employees who can take over.Although rotation might keep the worker interested, the time spent for the worker to learn new skills in each department would counter balance the gains in productivity. In summation moving workers from one boring job to another equally repetitive is unlikely to motivate them. (Hall, 1997)Job enlargement gives employees a chance to do a number of s mall-related tasks as appose to just one repetitively. For example they might be able to construct the whole bicycle, not just the handlebars. This is meant to reduce boredom as the employees have a wider variety of tasks to do and encourage satisfaction with a sense of closure. heretofore in contrast it is argued that it reduces efficiency because of a fall in productivity from carrying out a greater number of tasks. Many workers also resent this because they prefer doing a singularly boring repetitive job so they do not need to concentrate as much. Job enlargement works better within a group situation, where each worker has specific jobs and job rotation can take place. (Hall, 1997)Job enrichment is designed to give individuals a greater freedom and feeling of responsibility. It focuses on intrinsic satisfaction by giving employees authority over planning and execution of a task they should gain a greater sense of achievement upon completing the task. It is a more complex and chal lenging job that should develop their unused skills and encourage them to be more productive.Job enrichment isnt without its problems though, workers who feel they are unable to complete the required tasks will not react positively to it feeling they have been forced in to it. Also not all employees will react in the same way feeling they should be paid more for the extra responsibility. (Mullins, 1999)(Hall, 1997)All these techniques of increasing productivity are designed not to cost the organisation any more money. In some ways it is managers just manipulating the workers, by changing their work patterns in a way to increase output. Job enrichment however gives the employee a sense of responsibility, lessening direct managerial supervision. But ultimately these techniques are used by managers to get the workers motivated and as productive as possible.4. We are said to be living in a post Fordist era. What does this mean and how, do you think this came about?With so much hostility to Taylors scientific management, despite its benefits for employers, it had to be dropped. However the principles have evolved into a more acceptable model mainly incorporating job enrichment. The development of mass assembly line work was invented by Henry Ford in 1913 (Fordism) this took many of Taylors principles. This has been moved on from in an effort to try and increase motivation and productivity.Littler and Salaman (1984) listed five points of good job design 1. gag rule finishing a product or process2. Assuming responsibility for quality control3. Job flexibility is enabled by allowing training in different skills4. Self regulation of the speed of work5. The job structure allows social interaction and a degree of co-operation among workers. (Bratton & Gold 1994)Since this there have been three gigantic types job enrichment, shake-up of assembly lines and Japanese-style job design.Job enrichment as above is concerned with rotation and enlarging among others. The reorg anisation of assembly lines has been associated with increased product differentiation in highly competitive consumer industries and unstable labour relations. This creates more flexible work structures in order to accommodate more rapid product changes. Japanese-style job design has three main elements flexibility, quality control, and minimum waste.Businesses now tend to use one of these three techniques in the post-fordist era this has come about as an evolution of techniques and trial and error. Scientific Management didnt work but lessons were learnt from it and are still applied today.The Concept of HRM in Transition1. Should human resources be dealt with any other than from other resources? Justify your answer by referring to the managers control function.Human resources need to be dealt with differently than other resources otherwise theyll just leave the job. To ensure against this Human resourcefulness Planning is carried out, this will include how to motivate staff, how to develop an organisational culture and planning how to support or develop employees e.g. training.Human resources are not like raw materials where they are purchased and used, a constant understanding is needed. The management want to have as flexible work force as possible this means training staff so they become multi-skilled. This can allow job rotation and covering other employees in the even offt of illness (Hall, 1997).2. Discuss the four key elements of the Storey Model of HRMThe four key elements of the Storey model 1992 are Beliefs & Assumptions, Strategic Aspects, breeze Management and Key Levers. The Beliefs & Assumptions of HRM are Unitarist, the differences between PIR and HRM are that HRM tries to instil commitment and trust in the employee looking to go beyond the contract. Therefore employees should be carefully selected and developed (Bratton & Gold, 1994). The Strategic Aspects are commutation to HRM, always trying to think of the business and the consumer. HR policies should be integrated into the business strategy stemming from it and even contributing to it (Storey, 1999).The Line management is concerned with the critical role of managers. This is because HR decisions are crucial to a business and too important to be left to specialists alone (Storey, 1999). As appose to needing specialist key managers HRM allows the general managers as key players in HR issues. The Key Levers according to Storey (1999) are that managing culture is more important than managing procedures and systems integrated action on selection, communication, training, reward and development and restructuring and job redesign to allow devolved responsibility and empowerment.3. Evaluate the possible experience of working in an HRM environment, as opposed to a force play environment.Torrington and Hall state that the nature and degree of difference between personnel management and Human Resource Management as remaining largely matters of opinion rather than fact, an d the similarities are much greater than the differences. personnel department management is workforce-centred, directed mainly at the employees. Although a management function, personnel are never exclusively identified with management interests. violence managements underlying theme is that workers have a right to proper treatment and to make sure this is the case in manager-worker relationships.HRM is resource centred the main aim is to plan, monitor and control rather than mediation as in personnel. HRM is directed mainly at management needs for human resources to be provided and deployed. The underlying theme is that human resource management is much like any other aspect of management and an integral part. This means that it should not be separated, and only handled by specialists (Mullins, 1999)In a Personnel management organisation there can be tension between managers and workers, despite the personnel management intervening. The worker seeks to maximise his wages and rew ards, while the employer wants to reduce costs, as they are a drain on profits. In a HRM organisation the employee should feel more involved and therefore be aware of the consequences. HRM also allows a more flexible workforce, which can be deployed more cost effectively than an inflexible one.4. How, if at all, has the HRM allowed managers to increase organisational efficiency?If managers get better motivate their staff then they will work more efficiently and productivity will rise. Alternatively they might produce a higher quality piece of work. Storey (1999) says that it has become widely accepted that motivation is beneficial to the organisation. If human resource management encourages motivation of employees, if this is successful then efficiency will rise.However a definite link between a satisfied workforce and improved performance has never been proven. There is no reason for a workforce to be satisfied if it isnt relevant to organisational efficiency or effectiveness other than for human reasons.HRM managers who train their staff get a much more flexible workforce allowing them to be deployed in the best way to reduce costs. HRM managers are much more likely to train their employees as a workforce gaining skills which can be used in a greater cross-section of the business. If last minute orders come-in it is much easier for HRM managers to deal with as they are more flexible than Personnel in contrast who couldnt make last minute alterations. This makes HRM a much more effective and efficient style of management.